The novel "Children of Gebelawi" is a symbolic novel that narrates the history of human life, centered around the lives of great prophets. But in fact it is a philosophical statementEspecially in the final section that Arafeh enters the storyAnd all events are about him as a symbol of science. Najib has reserved this character to express his philosophical view of science and its opposition to religion and its surrender to power. The necessity of research is that this thought was initially a Weste thought but could affect some intellectuals and writers in the Muslim world. So that they became the propagators of that thought using literary techniques. The article aims at a descriptive-analytical approach to signify various aspects of thoughts in relation to science. This is done by studying the symbolic actions taken in relation to the character of Arafeh. Perspectives that are put forth consider the roots of science, interaction of science and religion and its relation to power and power holders, failure, deviation of science and other issues to analyze the character of Arafeh.

Najib Mahfouz, a well-known Egyptian writer, has created a solid link between philosophy and literature. One of the philosophical schools is naturalism, which was introduced into literary criticism in the nineteenth century by Emil Zola. By eliminating the supernatural aspects of human life, naturalists consider man as an inherent creature of the environment and the product of inheritance. According to these premises, human life and mood are interpreted. The present study adopts a naturalistic point of view to review "Bain ALqasrain" as the first novel in the trilogy of Najib Mahfouz. It also examines the components and foundations of the naturalistic school. It is concluded that the overwhelming expression of naturalistic principles, such as the influence of the environment, inheritance, blood and temper on the lives of the characters of the novel, has made it one of the few naturalist works in the Arabic literature. An important point, however, is the traditional and Eastern orientation of the novel in dealing with sacraments and supernatural issues which has made naturalist Najib different from Western naturalists. In addition to the existence of naturalistic components and themes, the novel enjoys particular features in terms of form and structure, including verbosity, precise description of the details and scenes, and tragic end.

From ancient days, Human being has been searching for the Creator in the existence, and has asked several questions regarding the cause of his/her existence in this world and about his/her futurity.Najib Mahfouz in his novel, «road», searches for the God and talks about numerous questions related to destiny of defenseless miserable human and takes the name of «Saber» as the hero of his novel, which stands for Holy patience. Also «Sayyed Sayyed Rahimi» is a symbol of God, because Allah is the Master and he is the master of humans.The novel begins and ends in a symbolic perspective and it is the philosophical frame which enables Najib Mahfouz using intertextuality.In this article, internal and external Quran intertextuality has been studied. We try to analyze purpose of the author from using Quran intertextuality and symbols in the dialectic of search for God in this novel. Research method of this article is descriptive-analytical approach that is based on summoning the absent text in the novel of road.

Analyzing a novel is one of the ways enabling the readers to understand the content of a story in a full way. Generally, in each analysis, principles and frameworks are presented that relate to the mind and sense of the speaker. Hence, the current study was an attempt to identify the five pieces at different intervals from beginning to the end of the story based on what has been presented in John Pack's style. Then, the views of the other critics were examined in the sixth and seventh stages of different aspects of the text, author, reader and the world. Consequently, after selecting the specific parts and analyzing them, they were addressed through John Peck's way, due to understanding the general aspects of the story through the details of the text. Moreover, the specific parts were inductively analyzed, then, the whole story was examined. In this type of analysis, before analyzing the overall of the story, it is important to pay attention to the delicacies and details within the story. Sequentially, correct results are obtained. Another feature of this approach is to pay attention to the contradictions in the selected passages which besides examining of the quadratic dimensions of the text and the opinions of other critics, are the final complement to criticism and analysis.

Philosophy and literature have always had a close connection, and each has a great impact on the other. Existentialism is one of the philosophical schools that are closely related to the literature. Similarly, literature as an approach has affected existentialism. Some figures such as Jean-Paul Sartre, Simon de Beauvoir, Albert Camus, Dostoevsky, and Gabriel Marcel have introduced philosophical concepts through various literary forms. Existentialism addresses the common concerns of human existence, such as human suffering, the meaning of life, immortality, hope, love, faith, disappointment, futility of the world, liberation, death, and other human existential issues. Through a descriptive-analytical method, the present study aims at the existentialist manifestations of the novel Al-Shahaz. The most important components that have been considered in this research as the main axis of revising existentialist thoughts are mortality, the meaning of life, liberation, wandering, dread, anxiety, and a luscious look at the past. The result of the research suggests that the profound and proper understanding of the novel Al-Shahaz is based on the analysis of existentialist presuppositions. The title of the novel (i. e. beggar) is a manifestation of human destitution, which provides evidence for this claim. The existentialist strains of the novel postulate it in the category of existentialist works of the literature.

The opening of a novel is a window to enter the world of the fiction and to follow its events and happenings. In this regard, the beginning scene of the story and the way it is processed are the first elements that provide a complete overview of the narration of the story. The artistic processing of this part of the story is a technique through which preliminary information is communicated about the theme of the story and the relationship of the starting scene with the rest of the novel is understood. The plot is formed in the continuation of the narrative. The starting scene of the novel AL-Las va AL-Kelab begins in a way that provides the reader with the elementary clues of the general narrative. Later, through the creation of suspense in the early actions of the story, the reader is encouraged to follow the fictional actions. This is achieved via various techniques, including the choice of ironical words in the title of the novel, the inclusion of realistic and believable scenery, the use of a combinational pattern in introducing the characters and mysterious propositions with negative implications in the beginning of the novel. Applying a descriptive-analytical method, the present study aims at the analytical reading of the starting scene of Al-Las va Al-Kelab by Najib Mahfouz. The results suggest the writer's skill to successfully process this section of the novel.

Rural life has always had the distinctive features. These features have been more colorful in the past than they are today. Among these characteristics were the existence of two important and determining aspects of the master (owner and landlord) and the peasant. In the past, the master has played a crucial role in the life of the peasans, but today this relationship has largely diminished. The relationship between the two has always been of interest to writers in fiction, and Arabic and Persian fiction have not been excluded. Two Egyptian and Iranian writers, Najib Mahfouz, and Ahmad Mahmoud, in the stories of Al-Jabbar from the collection of stories “ The World of God” and “ Conflict” in the collection of stories “ Pilgrims in the Rain” , have been studied as the oppression of the master on the peasant. This common theme has created common structural and content features between the two stories, and of course, there are differences between the two works due to the differences in the style of storytelling and the different cultural geographies of the two authors. In this paper, the similarities and differences between the two stories were discussed and analyzed. The general conclusion of this paper is that in these two stories, the structural aspects of both personality and narrative are influenced by the content of the Lord's relationship. Naturally, the stylistic independence of the two authors also gives rise to some differences between the two stories.

The approach of critical discourse analysis is a new approach that dates back to the end of the twenty century. This approach provides the reader with various possibilities in the field of text analysis so that he can achieve a better or more accurate understanding of the text or discourse through their application. Since the condition of having a good and perfect translation is the correct understanding of the original text, the possibilities of this approach can provide great help to translators to understand the text. Therefore, in this article, we decided to analyze the story under the umbrella of Najib Mahfouz's writing by applying this approach in order to have a better understanding of the ideology and messages of the story. It was done by Hossein Shamsabadi and Mehdi Shahrokh, we investigated and found that the translators did not have a good understanding of this story and as a result, they did not provide a good translation to their audience. This is despite the fact that by using the theory of critical discourse analysis, they could understand the semantic fields as well as keywords and leave behind a better translation. In addition, the authors of this article, relying on the description stage of the theory of critical discourse analysis, which pays special attention to the ideological load of keywords, investigated the translation of this story and came to the conclusion that the lack of correct equivalence in the translation of words and semantic areas of this story has caused that the main ideology of the story, which according to the writers of these lines is chaos and change, is not conveyed to the audience.

The issue of kinetic feminism has been organized that has been created in the earlier 20th century for defending the women's right and maintaining their positions against the despotic patriarchal system, and has been come for destroying the dominance of sexual discrimination. A majority of researchers from all around the world has worked in this area and started defending the women's right. Among this intelligentsia in Egypt and France Nejib_mabfouz and Simon de Beauvoir where those who talked about the cruelty against women and their Innocence against the pressure of patriarchal in their own books. This research is going to analyze " two palaces" by Nejib Mahfouz and "the woman destroyed" by Simon de Beauvoir (the famous fiminist writer from France), the symbol of intellectual woman in the 20th century using the Analytical descriptive method in context of cpmarative literature based on the criticism of feministic. The results of this study indicate that both authors criticize the women's behavior and their giving up against the patriarchal System. The women's character in both novels is a sentimental, fragile, dependant and obedient person that has easily given up against the patriarchal System. The patriarchal System in "between two palaces" is indicated with some predispositions like bad behavior of father, his disagreement with the marriage of his children with their favorite husband, not authorizing their wives and children to go out of the house and so on. And in " the woman destroyed", getting married for the second time and love affairs without informing the first wife, preventing children from getting married, not being at home with family and wife and so on are the obvious symptoms of the patriarchal System. Both authors have criticized the patriarchal System and introduced the honorable position of women and holy mother to audiences.